Analyze how political, religious, and social factors affected the work of scientists in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries free essay sample

The scientific revolution took place between 1500 and 1700, with scientists, or natural philosophers made many groundbreaking discoveries. A universe composed of matter in motion which could be understood through mathematics and experiment, changing the mindsets of many Europeans. The work of the scientists were greatly influenced by the approval of political figures and their desire of power, the support and compassion from influential members of the church and social factors that both influenced the progression and acceptance of the new theories. Scientific findings were regarded highly among political figures because it was an opportunity to gain more power and money. With many Europeans sharing this mindset, those with power strived to create institutions like Royal Academies for these discoveries to be found and shared. As the Finance Minister under Louis XIV, Jean Baptiste Colbert must have wanted to preserve and increase France’s budget. â€Å"†¦an abundance of wealth and in causing the arts and sciences to flourish, we have been persuaded for many years to establish several academies for both letter and sciences. We will write a custom essay sample on Analyze how political, religious, and social factors affected the work of scientists in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † (Doc 11). King Louis XIV himself was an ally of science as shown in Document 10, where the king is shown at the French Royal Academy, conversing with the scientists. The drawing shows a well-developed institute with instruments and specimens used in astronomy, geography, biology and navigation, which would have not been accessible if it weren’t for King Louis XIV’s interest and funding for the sciences. When scientific discoveries affect ambition, profit or lust of the rulers, they are questioned and suppressed; Thomas Hobbes, an English philosopher stated in the Leviathan â€Å"†¦conflicted with the interests of those who rule, I know it would be suppressed† (Doc 7). Although most of the Catholic Clergy disapproved of any scientific findings, some influential members of the church enjoyed and accepted the discoveries. John Calvin, a French Protestant theologian said â€Å"This study should not be prohibited, nor this science condemned, because some frantic persons boldly reject whatever is unknown to them [†¦] this art unfolds the admirable wisdom of God.† (Doc 2). This shows that he not only wishes for more scientific advances, but that he believes it could help solve some of the mysteries surrounding God. Since John Calvin is a famous religious leader, he could  affect scientific research and the beliefs of those doubting any scientific advances due to his high rank and credibility that most scientists did not have. Without as much influence as Calvin, many scientists sent out their studies to those high in power to review their work. Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish priest and astronomer dedicated his book On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres to Pope Paul III because of his love and importance of science. â€Å"[†¦] by your influence and judgment, can readily hold the slanderers from biting. Mathematics are for mathematicians and they, if I be not wholly deceived, will hold that my labors contribute even to the well-being of the church.† (Doc 1). This indicates that Copernicus is hoping that Pope Paul will prevent slander of his work and understand that his book is in support of the church and that other mathematicians will agree with him. In document 5, in a letter to his noble patron, Marin Mersenne states, â€Å"If you object to anything, I am ready to remove it entirely. [†¦] you will not find a single word which is not true in my experiments, which many times confirm those of the great Galileo.† Showing that the monk is willing to remove anything from his work that his higher-up rejects, even though all of his results are based on multiple experiments with witnesses to support the end result. Certain obstacles in society prevented the sciences to progress at the most efficient rate, due to lack of interaction between scientists and sexism. During this time period, sexism was a normal thing, women were thought to be less intelligent than men and were not allowed the same education or opportunities. In a letter to Johannes Hevelius, Henry Oldenbury writes â€Å"Friendship among learned men is a great aid to the investigation and elucidation of the truth [†¦] philosophy would then be raised to its greatest heights.† (Doc 6). This indicates that as the Secretary of the English Royal Society, Henry believes sharing information among well taught and raised men is the only way to increase scientific findings. On the other side of society, we have Margaret Cavendish, an English natural philosopher who is seen as less credible and intelligent than the average male scientist. â€Å"†¦I might set up my own school of natural philosophy. But I, being a woman, do fear they would soon cast me out of their schools. For though the Muses, Graces, and Sciences are all of the female gender, yet they were more  esteemed in former ages, than they are now.† (Doc 9). In ancient civilizations, women were viewed in a better light than they were during the scientific revolution. Many ancient achievements were portrayed as female beings, but women themselves were not allowed to contribute to new advancements and if they did, they were brushed aside and ignored because of the belief that women were just not capable of doing the same things that men were. When we put aside gender differences, the scientific revolution still seems to be lacking in certain ways. In document 4, Sir Francis Bacon states â€Å"†¦it is not possible to run a race when the goal itself has not been rightly chosen.† There was no final product scientists were hoping to achieve, no exact ending except to improve the sciences. They could build and build onto each other’s work, but what is the point if the scientists themselves don’t know what they’re looking for. Sir Francis Bacon wished to reorganize the sciences with The Great Instauration by creating a goal scientists could work for to tie together their works to have an even better understanding of the universe. With the advancement of the sciences in Europe, many groups were influential to the works of the scientists, such as. Political figures and their funding to advance further into the discoveries, religious members and their ability to accept and spread or reject and end, and finally multiple social factors that suppressed certain people and helped the spread of certain beliefs and ideas.

Expresso Espresso

Expresso Espresso Expresso Espresso is a coffee shop located in a street along the University of South Alabama. Todd, the owner of the business, opened the shop in March 2006, and was motivated by the idea of providing comfort to his consumers, and the thought of helping his children acquire some life lessons on how to run a business. His plan was to offer a service that will make his customers feel at home, making them want to stay longer.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Expresso Espresso specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though Todd managed to attract quite a number of customers through his concept, the competition from new shops was posing a threat to the growth of his business. Apart from the stiff competition from new shops, expanding the business in the city’s midtown was a worrying issue that Todd was facing as he was afraid that the new location will negatively impact the sales, and may change the dynamic natur e of the coffee industry in the area. Therefore, his main priority was to market his business so as to ensure that it gains a firm standing in the market place. The location of the coffee shop was evidently an added advantage to the business as most of the customers were students and lecturers. Also, the service offered in the shop was hospitable and as a result, it increased his competitiveness. Designing the shop with a range of comforting colors and comfy furniture also worked in his favor as it helped him gain a competitive niche over other coffee shops. However, the financial status of the business was disappointing. In other words, the profit he made was not huge enough to sustain the survival of the business, given the competition in the market. Given that Todd had tried implementing some marketing strategies that didn’t work so well, it was time to think outside the box. It is for this reason that Todd had to come up with an effective marketing plan in order to expand , and enhance the growth of his business. Focusing on university students, their lecturers, and the faculty was an alternative he needed to focus on, as they were his target market. By this, he would provide products that not only represented his trademark, but also met the needs of consumers.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even though the economy affected the prices set in the market, lowering the prices of his products, and offering promotional offers was a strategy that would alternatively work in his favor. By lowering the prices and putting up offers, the shop would get more customers as it would increase awareness among college students, lecturers, the faculty, and the community around. Moreover, improving the quality of the service and products was a strategy that would increase his customer base. Changing the brand name of the shop, and re-launching i t during an ongoing semester would also help in creating awareness, and would limit the shop from providing espresso only. Instead, it would allow the incorporation of other products that are preferred by most customers. Conducting a survey, and asking their customer to participate in rating the quality of services offered, and offering recommendation would make them feel more appreciated, and consequently, increase the customer base. Apart from expanding the business in the city’s midtown, the current location would need some expanding so as to accommodate as many customers as possible. By opening a new shop in the city’s midtown, Todd would have to implement an effective action plan that focuses on the specific tasks to be performed, the time horizon, and resource allocation.

Economics for business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Economics for business - Essay Example In order to find the marginal cost we will calculate the first derivative of total cost function: Monopoly is a market structure where there is a single producer or seller of the product in the market with no substitutes available. This means that the ultimate power lies with the producer or seller and not with the consumer. In other market structures, the authority to choose a product is in the hands of the consumer but in a monopolistic market there are no substitutes available and the consumer has to accept what is being offered to them. Monopoly is considered inefficient due to the fact that the market doesn’t have any substitute of the product giving the producer or seller an authority to set prices according to their need. They usually discriminate regarding the prices and charge higher than the marginal cost of production in the market. Such market doesn’t focus on the consumers as they are aware that no matter what ultimately the consumers will choose their product even if the quality of the product is below the standards. In such market structure, the barriers to entry are high giving no or little entry positions to other businesses. As a result of the barriers there is no competition or rivalry in such market. This market is considered inefficient than the other market structures because this market produces less output as compared to others. With no competition, reduction in the output level leads to high prices. It also creates inequality because it converts the consumer surplus into producer surplus. This inequality between the price charged and the marginal cost makes this market inefficient. This means that there is price discrimination in such market and some consumers have to pay higher prices. In monopoly the output level is less and creates unemployment of the resources. The resources are not properly and efficiently utilized as compared to other market structures. In such market the price is greater than the marginal